Exploring The World By Balloon: Is It Possible?

Hot air balloons have become increasingly popular in the last 50 years, with many people asking whether it's possible to travel around the world in one. The answer is yes—but it's no easy feat. The first recorded circumnavigation of the globe by hot air balloon took place in 1999, when Swiss Betrand Piccard and British Brian Jones launched from the Swiss Alps and travelled 42,810 km. Their journey took 19 days, 21 hours and 55 minutes. Since then, several others have achieved the same feat, including Steve Fossett, who became the first person to travel around the world solo in a hot air balloon in 2002. Fedor Konyukhov broke the record for the fastest trip around the world in a hot air balloon, completing the journey in just over 11 days. These adventurers have braved extreme temperatures, dangerous thunderstorms, and the constant risk of getting blown off course to achieve these remarkable feats.

The first recorded circumnavigation

The Breitling Orbiter 3, as their balloon was named, was designed and built by Cameron Balloons of Bristol, England. It stood 180 ft (55 m) tall when fully inflated and was fuelled by propane gas contained in 28 titanium cylinders mounted along the sides of the gondola. The balloon combined the features of a hot-air balloon and a gas balloon, with a helium cell within a hot-air envelope. The gondola was constructed of a weave of Kevlar and carbon fibre material and was equipped with essential amenities such as a toilet, sleeping bunks, and satellite communication devices.

During their journey, Piccard and Jones faced several challenges, including navigating through varying weather conditions and altitudes to catch the optimal jet streams. They also had to ensure fuel efficiency, as the cold temperatures at higher altitudes increased fuel consumption. Despite these difficulties, they successfully completed the first nonstop, non-refuelled circumnavigation of the globe by balloon, setting new records and marking a significant milestone in the history of aviation and ballooning.

This historic achievement was the culmination of a 20-year quest and built upon previous advancements in balloon technology and design. It stands as a testament to human determination and the pursuit of exploration, pushing the boundaries of what is possible and inspiring future endeavours.

How hot air balloons work

Hot air balloons are based on a simple scientific principle: warm air rises in cooler air. Essentially, hot air is lighter than cool air because it has less mass per unit of volume. A cubic foot of air at 28 grams (about an ounce) will weigh about 7 grams less if heated by 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Therefore, each cubic foot of air in a hot air balloon can lift about 7 grams. This is why hot air balloons are so large—to lift 1,000 pounds, you need about 65,000 cubic feet of hot air.

A hot air balloon has three essential parts: the burner, which heats the air; the balloon envelope, which holds the air; and the basket, which carries the passengers. The burner is positioned under an open balloon envelope. As the air in the balloon cools, the pilot can reheat it by firing the burner. Modern hot air balloons heat the air by burning propane, stored in lightweight cylinders in the balloon basket. The burner flame heats a length of steel tubing coiled around the burner, which in turn heats the propane flowing through it. This changes the propane from a liquid to a gas before it is ignited, creating a more powerful and efficient flame.

The balloon envelope is usually constructed from long nylon gores, reinforced with sewn-in webbing. The skirt, the nylon at the base of the envelope, is coated with a fire-resistant material to prevent the flame from igniting the balloon. The basket holds the passengers, propane tanks, and navigation equipment.

To make the balloon rise, the pilot continually fires the fuel jets. However, there is an upper altitude limit, as eventually, the air becomes too thin to lift the balloon. To descend, the pilot opens a parachute valve at the top of the envelope, allowing hot air to escape and decreasing the inner air temperature.

Piloting a balloon takes skill, but the controls are simple. To ascend, the pilot opens a propane valve, increasing the flow of gas and the size of the flame. To slow the ascent, the pilot can open a second propane valve, which bypasses the heating coils and burns liquid propane instead. This produces a less efficient and weaker flame but is much quieter.

To move horizontally, pilots must change their vertical position, as wind blows in different directions at different altitudes. To move in a particular direction, a pilot rides the wind at the appropriate level, ascending or descending as needed. Since wind speed generally increases with altitude, pilots can also control horizontal speed by changing altitude.

Hot air balloon piloting is largely improvised, as pilots usually have very few options due to wind conditions. It is very rare to pilot a balloon back to the starting point. Some members of a hot air balloon crew stay on the ground, following the balloon by car to collect the passengers and equipment after landing.

The dangers of long-distance ballooning

Long-distance ballooning is a challenging and dangerous endeavour, with many factors that can impact the success and safety of the journey. Here are some of the dangers associated with long-distance ballooning:

• Weather Conditions: Weather plays a crucial role in the trajectory and safety of a hot air balloon. Strong winds can blow the balloon off course, and rain can cause the balloon to descend. Adverse weather conditions, such as thunderstorms and lightning, can be life-threatening. Fedor Konyukhov, who flew solo around the world in a hot-air balloon, encountered a thunderstorm over the Indian Ocean and had to fly at a very dangerous height of 10,500 meters to avoid lightning.
• Oxygen Supply: At high altitudes, usually above 5,000 meters, an oxygen supply becomes necessary for survival. Konyukhov also faced an issue with his oxygen supply when he noticed that the safety valve on his oxygen cylinder was faulty, causing him to lose oxygen. He had to climb onto the roof of the gondola and adjust the pressure to stop the oxygen from escaping.
• Extreme Temperatures: Long-distance ballooning can expose pilots to extremely cold temperatures. Konyukhov experienced temperatures as low as -50°C during his journey. These extreme temperatures can freeze equipment and impact the performance of the balloon.
• Fuel Management: Hot air balloons rely on burners to heat the air inside the envelope and maintain buoyancy. Insufficient fuel can lead to an emergency landing or, in the worst case, a crash.
• Navigation Challenges: Navigating a balloon over long distances and oceans can be difficult due to the lack of landmarks and the need to constantly adjust altitude to find favourable wind conditions. Pilots must be skilled in reading weather patterns and making quick decisions to stay on course.
• Equipment Failure: Any malfunction or failure of critical equipment, such as the burner or oxygen supply, can have severe consequences. In Konyukhov's case, a faulty safety valve on his oxygen cylinder put him at risk of suffocation.
• Physical and Mental Endurance: Long-distance ballooning requires pilots to be on constant standby, enduring freezing temperatures, sleep deprivation, and loneliness. This can take a toll on both the physical and mental health of the pilot.
• Limited Steering Ability: Hot air balloons have limited steering capabilities and primarily move with the direction of the wind. Pilots can only control their altitude by adjusting the temperature inside the envelope, which influences buoyancy. This lack of precise steering control can make it challenging to avoid obstacles or navigate towards a specific destination.

These dangers highlight the complexity and risks associated with long-distance ballooning. It requires careful planning, skilled piloting, and a thorough understanding of weather conditions and balloon mechanics to ensure a safe and successful journey.

The longest balloon flights

The first recorded circumnavigation of the globe in a hot air balloon was achieved by Swiss Betrand Piccard and Briton Brian Jones, who embarked on their journey on March 1, 1999, from Switzerland and landed in North Africa after 19 days, 21 hours, and 55 minutes. They covered a distance of 42,810 km and became the first balloonists to circumnavigate the globe non-stop and without refuelling.

The first solo balloonist to achieve this feat was Steve Fossett, who completed the journey in 14 days on July 2, 2002, after six previous attempts. His balloon, "The Spirit of Freedom", was 140 feet tall and 60 feet wide and used both hot air and helium.

Another record-breaking solo balloon flight was completed by Fedor Konyukhov, who flew around the world on his first attempt in a hybrid hot air/helium balloon from July 11 to July 23, 2016, in 268 hours and 20 minutes.

The first-ever trans-Pacific balloon flight was completed by Per Lindstrand and Richard Branson on January 15, 1991, travelling 4,767 miles from Japan to Northern Canada.

How to prepare for a balloon flight

Balloon flights are an exhilarating experience, but they require careful preparation. Here are some essential steps to ensure a safe and enjoyable balloon flight:

Choose a Suitable Time and Location:

• Sunrise is considered the best time for balloon flights as the air is calm and cool, providing ideal flying conditions. Aim to schedule your flight early in the morning, and be prepared for an early start.
• Select a location that offers stunning scenery and peaceful surroundings. Research the area and choose a spot known for its beautiful landscapes, wildlife, or other points of interest.

Prepare the Necessary Paperwork:

Ensure you have completed and signed any required liability release forms or waivers. This paperwork is essential for your safety and protection and will help streamline the check-in process on the day of your flight.

Dress Appropriately:

• Dress in layers to adjust to varying temperatures. The temperature in the air may differ from the ground, so wear clothing that allows you to add or remove layers as needed.
• Choose sturdy, closed-toe shoes like sneakers or boots. Avoid sandals or open-toe footwear, especially when navigating uneven terrain before and after the flight.
• Protect yourself from the sun by wearing sunglasses, a hat, and sunscreen. Even at higher altitudes, the sun's rays can be intense, so don't forget to apply sunscreen and lip balm.
• If flying during colder months, ensure you have warm clothing, including gloves and snow boots, to stay comfortable.

Stay Well-Rested and Hydrated:

• Get a good night's sleep before your flight. Balloon flights often require an early start, and you'll want to be refreshed and energised for the experience.
• Eat a well-balanced dinner the night before and a light, healthy breakfast on the morning of your flight. Avoid heavy meals that may leave you feeling sluggish or uncomfortable.
• Drink plenty of water to stay hydrated and avoid dizziness, especially at higher altitudes.

Bring Essential Items:

• Bring a camera or phone to capture breathtaking views and memorable moments. Ensure your devices are fully charged and secured with a strap or holder to prevent accidental drops.
• Pack sunscreen and lip balm, even if the weather is cool. The higher altitude increases sun exposure, so it's crucial to protect your skin.
• Bring water to stay hydrated before and after the flight. Staying properly hydrated will help you feel more comfortable and reduce the risk of dizziness.

Understand the Safety Measures:

• Listen carefully to the pilot's instructions and safety briefing. Pay attention to any specific guidelines or procedures that you need to follow during the flight.
• Be mindful of potential obstacles on the ground, such as trees, power lines, or animals. Keep a lookout during the flight to assist the pilot in navigating any hazards.

Participate in the Experience:

• Get involved in the pre-flight setup by assisting with the inflation of the balloon. This hands-on experience adds to the excitement and gives you a behind-the-scenes perspective.
• Celebrate with a traditional post-flight toast. Ballooning traditions are part of the charm, so don't forget to join in the celebratory drink after your safe landing.

Remember, the key to a successful balloon flight is preparation. By following these steps, you'll be well-equipped to enjoy a safe, memorable, and enchanting ballooning experience.

Frequently asked questions