Traveling By Plane: Body Impact And Health Risks

Air travel can have a range of effects on the body. The pressurised cabin, dry air, low oxygen levels, cramped conditions, and proximity to other passengers can all impact your health. From dehydration and swollen ankles to more serious issues like deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and increased susceptibility to viruses, it's important to be aware of the potential risks and take steps to stay safe and healthy when flying.

Dehydration and exhaustion

The human body is exposed to a unique set of conditions when flying. The air in an airplane cabin is typically kept at only 10-20% humidity, which is significantly lower than the 35-65% humidity of everyday environments. This low humidity can lead to quicker dehydration, and the dry air can irritate the skin, eyes, and nasal passages. The pressure inside the cabin is also lower than at sea level, meaning the body takes in less oxygen, which can leave passengers feeling drained or short of breath.

The physical discomfort of flying can also contribute to feelings of exhaustion. The stress of travel, including navigating busy airports, worrying about timetables, and dealing with cramped conditions on board, can be tiring. In addition, the reduced oxygen levels at higher altitudes can make it harder to breathe, adding to feelings of fatigue.

To combat dehydration and exhaustion when flying, it is crucial to stay hydrated. Drinking plenty of water before and during the flight is essential, and avoiding caffeinated and alcoholic drinks can also help, as they can dehydrate the body further. Getting up to walk around and stretch during the flight can help prevent circulation issues and blood clots and reduce the risk of developing more severe health issues such as urinary tract infections, kidney stones, and other kidney problems.

Exposure to viruses and bacteria

Research has shown that air travel can play a significant role in the global spread of emerging and established infectious diseases. Infections can be transmitted through various means, including close contact with infected individuals, large droplets, airborne transmission through small-particle aerosols, and even contaminated food. The dry air in aircraft cabins can also have a dehydrating effect, leaving passengers more susceptible to these illnesses.

Furthermore, the incubation periods of certain viruses, such as Lassa fever, can last up to three weeks, allowing infected passengers to be asymptomatic and unaware of their status during travel. This increases the risk of exposure for other passengers, especially when considering the high volume of air travel, with over one billion people travelling by air annually.

While commercial aircraft do utilise high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, which have a particle-removing efficiency of 99.97% at 0.3 microns, it is still possible to come into contact with viruses and bacteria. These filters are effective at removing dust, vapours, bacteria, and fungi, but the recirculation of air means that infectious particles can still be present in the cabin.

To minimise the risk of exposure to viruses and bacteria when travelling on planes, it is recommended to carry hand sanitiser and wash your hands frequently. Wearing a mask can also provide some level of protection, although the effectiveness depends on factors such as mask type, fit, and compliance with public health guidelines. Additionally, staying informed about the latest research and recommendations regarding mask usage is important, as the field of mask efficacy continues to evolve.

Oxygen levels and air pressure changes

The air pressure inside an aircraft cabin is lower than at sea level, which means your body takes in less oxygen. This lower oxygen pressure creates a condition called mild hypoxia, which can cause headaches and make you feel drained or short of breath. The reduced pressure also affects the air pressure inside your inner ears, and the ears try to adjust to maintain your balance. This can cause ear discomfort, often known as "airplane ear".

The dry air inside the cabin, with a humidity of under 10%, can also contribute to dehydration, which can further increase feelings of fatigue. To prevent dehydration and related issues, it is recommended to drink plenty of water and avoid alcohol and caffeine.

Sitting in cramped spaces for long periods can affect blood flow, leading to swelling in the feet and ankles. The risk of developing a blood clot, known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), is also increased due to the combination of reduced blood circulation and changes in air pressure.

The low oxygen levels and air pressure changes during air travel can have more severe impacts on individuals with certain medical conditions or those taking specific medications. It is always advisable to consult a doctor if you have concerns about how flying could affect your health.

Risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a vascular condition where blood clots form in deep veins, usually in the legs. DVT is a serious complication that can be fatal in some cases. When a blood clot travels to the lungs and blocks an artery between the lungs and heart, it is called a pulmonary embolism (PE). Sitting for long periods of time during flights, especially those lasting over four hours, can slow down blood flow, increasing the risk of blood clots. Other factors that contribute to the risk of DVT during air travel include obesity, changes in cabin air pressure, and dehydration.

To reduce the risk of developing DVT while flying, it is important to stay hydrated and avoid excessive alcohol and caffeine consumption. It is also crucial to move around and perform mobility exercises like calf raises and stretches during the flight. Choosing an aisle seat can encourage movement during the journey. Additionally, wearing compression socks or stockings can help promote better blood circulation in the legs while sitting in a plane.

If you are at an increased risk of DVT, it is recommended to consult a travel health advisor or a doctor before your flight. They may suggest anti-embolism stockings (AES) or graduated compression stockings (GCS) to reduce your risk. In some cases, medication such as Aspirin or a blood thinner may be recommended by a doctor to decrease the risk of blood clots before flying.

While the absolute risk of developing DVT after a long-haul flight is small, taking preventive measures can further reduce the likelihood and help ensure a safe and enjoyable journey.

Motion sickness and ear discomfort

Ear discomfort, often referred to as "airplane ear," occurs due to changes in cabin pressure during takeoff and landing, resulting in an imbalance between the air pressure in the middle ear and the environment. This pressure difference can cause pain and discomfort, which may be more pronounced if one has a cold, sinus infection, or allergies. Children are particularly susceptible to ear discomfort due to their Eustachian tube anatomy.

To alleviate ear discomfort, several techniques can be employed. Swallowing and yawning can help open the Eustachian tube and equalize pressure. Chewing gum, sucking on candy, or sipping water can encourage swallowing. Pinching the nose and gently blowing air while keeping the mouth closed, known as the Valsalva maneuver, can also equalize pressure. Earplugs or pressure-regulating devices, such as EarPlanes, are inexpensive options that can reduce pressure on the eardrum. For frequent flyers prone to severe airplane ear, a doctor may recommend surgical tubes in the eardrums for long-term pressure equalization.

In summary, motion sickness and ear discomfort are common ailments experienced by air travelers. Motion sickness can be managed through stress reduction, dietary choices, and medication, while ear discomfort can be alleviated by performing specific actions to equalize air pressure in the ears. It is always advisable to consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice and to address any concerns regarding these conditions.

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